• Fluvoxamine (Blood vessels, heart, brain, & alveolar walls.)[23]
• Losmapimod (Blood vessels, heart, brain, & alveolar walls.)[24]
• Ergometrine (Alveolar walls & upper respiratory tract )
• Ridogrel (Alveoli & upper respiratory tract )
• Opaganib (Upper respiratory tract & blood.)[19]
• Erythropoietin (Upper respiratory tract & blood.)[17-18]
• Fenfluramine (Alveolar walls & upper respiratory tract.)
• Tazemetostat (Upper respiratory tract & blood.)
• Acalabrutinib (Oxygen-rich spots near alveoli)[10]
• Alextinib (Alveolar walls, upper respiratory tract, & blood.)
• Selinexor (Blood, oxygen-rich zones, fatty acid.)[1-2]
• Dexamethasone (Upper respiratory tract)[3-5, 16]
• Colchicine (Blood & blood vessels.)[6-9, 15, 20]
II. Mild to Moderate Symptom-Related Agents
• Benzonatate-dry cough.
• Diclofenac-fever & pain.
• Famotidine-short breath [11-14, 22].
• Levocabastine-red eyes.
III. Symptom-Related Agents for Children
• Fluticasone (C22H27F3O4S)-short breath (main targets: upper respiratory tract & bronchi).
• Montelukast (C35H36ClNO3S)-short breath (main targets: alveoli & bronchi.)[21]
The drug list will be updated with the advancement of therapeutic practices.
[1] ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04349098. April 16, 2020.
[2] ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04355676. April 21, 2020.
[3] ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04325061. March 27, 2020.
[4] ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04327401. March 31, 2020.
[5] ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04347980. April 15, 2020.
[6] ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04328480. March 31, 2020.
[7] ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04350320. April 17, 2020.
[8] ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04355143. April 21, 2020.
[9] ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04375202. May 5, 2020.
[10] M. Roschewski et al., Sci. Immunol.10.1126/sciimmunol.abd0110 (2020).
[11] Brendan Borrell, doi:10.1126/science.abc4739.
[12] Janowitz T, et al. Gut 2020;0:1–6. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321852.
[13] Daniel E Freedberg, et al., doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.01.20086694.
[14] Robert W. Malone, et al., https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0340-7490.
[15] Spyridon G. Deftereos, et al., doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.13136.
[16] Peter W Horby, et al., doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.22.20137273.
[17] Azar Hadadi1, et al., J Med Virol., 08 April 2020.
[18] Hannelore Ehrenreich, et al., Molecular Medicine, 16 June 2020.
[19] "Severe COVID-19 patients benefit from RedHill’s opaganib",
the pharma letter, 24-06-2020.
[20] Scarsi M, et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2020;0:1–4. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217712.
[21] Colin D. Funk& Ali Ardakani, Front. Pharmacol., 06 August 2020, doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.01214.
[22] Jeffrey F. Mather, et al, "Impact of Famotidine Use on Outcomes of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients", 2020 Aug 14. Am J Gastroenterol.
[23] Eric J. Lenze, et al., “Fluvoxamine vs Placebo and Clinical Deterioration in Outpatients With Symptomatic COVID-19”, JAMA, November 12, 2020.
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[24] ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04511819. November 25, 2020.
[25] John McCoy, et al., “Proxalutamide Reduces the Rate of Hospitalization for COVID-19 Male Outpatients: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial”, Front. Med., 19 July 2021